Cellular respiration an overview12/27/2022 ![]() ![]() In excess amounts, Cu can be toxic, and plant sensitivity is affected by soil pH ( Borkert et al., 1998). Very little Cu is translocated to rice grains ( Du et al., 2018 Nadimi-Goki et al., 2014 Zeng et al., 2011), but Singh (2009) suggests that crop management affects Cu concentration in the edible part of plants which may highlight an opportunity for Cu enrichment in rice grains. In India, Cu deficiency is considered the least common micronutrient deficiency in soils after an analysis of more than 200,000 soil samples revealed that only 4.2% were Cu deficient, and mostly in desert soils ( Shukla and Behera, 2018). histosols and andosols), inherently low total Cu content due to parent material (sandy soils, limestones, oxisols, ultisols), calcareous soils with high pH, and soils with high Zn concentrations (Zn and Cu are taken up by the same carrier Crouse et al., 2014 Hochmuth et al., 2015 IRRI, n.d. Cu deficiency is common in soils with low Cu availability due to strong adsorption to organic matter and clay particles (esp. In rice, Cu deficiency adversely affects the metabolic processes of the plant, specifically photosynthesis and respiration, and may lead to sterility which causes unfilled grains. About seven percent of Indian soils are said to have deficiencies ranging from acute to latent deficiency ( Shukla et al., 2018). ![]() Cu is absorbed by plants in very small quantities ( Hochmuth et al., 2015). In plants, Cu is involved in cell respiration and photosynthesis, protein and enzyme synthesis, carbohydrate and nitrate metabolism, seed formation, chlorophyll production, and disease resistance ( Crouse et al., 2014 Hochmuth et al., 2015 Kabata-Pendias and Mukherjee, 2007). Novel functions for riboflavin in health risks like prevention of cancers and neurological degenerative disorders in humans have been reviewed ( Saedisomeolia and Ashoori, 2018).įatma Rekik, Harold Mathijs van Es, in Advances in Agronomy, 2022 2.1.4 Copper (Cu)Ĭu is an essential trace element for all organisms. For the latter, most fish species lack this ability ( NRC, 2011). Riboflavin is involved in metabolism of pyridoxine, niacin, and folate, including the conversion of tryptophan to nicotinic acid. The coenzymes are involved in the metabolism of keto acids, fatty acids, and amino acids, and include, among others, enzymes in the electron transport chain ( cytochrome c reductase), dehydrogenation of amino acids ( D- and l -amino acid oxidases, D-AAO), purine catabolism ( xanthine oxidase), vitamer B 6 metabolism ( pyridoxine phosphate oxidase), pyruvate oxidative decarboxylation ( pyruvate dehydrogenase complex), forming fumarate from succinate ( succinate dehydrogenase), fatty acids β-oxidation ( acetyl-CoA dehydrogenase), forming acids (like pyridoxic acid and retinoic acid) from aldehydes ( aldehyde oxidase), synthesis of folate vitamer 5-methyl tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) ( methylene-THF reductase), taking part as an antioxidant by reducing glutathione GSSG to GSH ( glutathione reductase), and more ( Saedisomeolia and Ashoori, 2018). The biochemical reactions involving riboflavin coenzymes are related to many flavoenzymes (oxidases and reductases) in cell respiration, catalyzing oxidation, and transportation of hydrogen and electrons to the reduced energy carrying purine nucleotides FADH 2 and FMNH 2. Feng, in Fish Nutrition (Fourth Edition), 2022 3.2.2.2 Positive functions ![]()
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